Class - 11 :: Chapter 6

ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਅਤੇ ਪ੍ਰੋਗਰਾਮਿੰਗ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਦੀ ਧਾਰਨਾ

ਖਾਲੀ ਥਾਵਾਂ ਭਰੋ

1) ie~k ivAkqI jo pRogrwm ilKdw hY ausƒ ............ ikhw jWdw hY[

au`qr : pRogrwmr

2) hwrfvyAr sMbMDI loA lyvl AMdrUnI jwxkwrI .............. pRogrwimMg BwSw leI loVINdI hY[

au`qr : loA lyvl

3) AYlgoirQm dI ic~qrwqmk pRsqUqI ƒ ............. ikhw jWdw hY[

au`qr : PloA cwrt

4) hweI lyvl BwSw ivc ilKy sors pRogrwm ƒ AwbjYkt pRogrwm ivc qbdIl krn dI pRikirAw ƒ ........... ikhw jWdw hY[

au`qr : kMpweIlySn

5) auh glqIAW jo kMpweIlr duAwrw nhIN l~BIAW jw skdIAW auhnW ƒ ............ ikhw jWdw hY[

au`qr : lwjIkl AYrrz

ਪੂਰੇ ਨਾਮ ਲਿਖੋ

1) Opcode

au`qr : EprySn kof

2) Operand

au`qr : EprySn AYfrYs

3) 4GL

au`qr : PorQ jYnrySn lYNgueyz

4) SQL

au`qr : strkcrf ikaUrI lYNgueyz

5) OOP

au`qr : AwbjYkt ErIAYNitf pRogrwimMg

ਛੋਟੇ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ

1) pRogrwimMg kI hY?

au`qr : pRogrwm iksy kMm ƒ krn leI kMipaUtr duAwrw smJIAW jwx vwlIAW hdwieqW dw smUh huMdy hn[ iehnW hdwieqW ƒ pRogrwm ivc ilKx dw pRosYs pRogrwimMg khwauNdw hY[ auh ivAkqI, jo pRogrwm ilKdw hY aus ƒ pRogrwmr ikhw jWdw hY[

2) pRosIzr ErIAYNtf pRogrwimMg BwSwvw ikhVIAW huMdIAW hn?

au`qr : pRosIzr ErIAYNtf BwSwvW ƒ qIsrI jYnrySn dIAW pRogrwimMg BwSwvW (3GLs) mMinAw jWdw hY[ iehnW BwSwvW iv~c pRogrwm bnwaux leI ausƒ Coty pRosIzrW jW sbrUtInW (procedures or subroutines) ivc vMf ky bxwieAw jWdw hY[ hr ie~k pRosIzr ivc iksy Kws kMm ƒ krvwaux leI hdwieqW dI ie~k lVI ilKI jWdI hY[ pRosIzr bnwaux qoN bwAd AsIN iehnW ƒ ie~k jW ie~k qoN v~D vwr pRogrwm ivc iksy vI QW qy vrq skdy hW[ iehnW BwSwvW ivc pRogrwm dIAW hdwieqW dw kRm bhuq mh~vpUrn huMdw hY[ FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, C Awid ku~J mShur pRosIzrl BwSwvW dIAW audwhrxW hn[

3) Plo-cwrt ivc vrqy jwx vwly v~K-v~K icMnHW dy nW ilKo[

au`qr : Plo-cwrt ivc vrqy jwx vwly v~K-v~K icMnH ies pRkwr hn:
• trmInl (AMfwkwr icMnH)
• ienpu~t/AwaUtpu~t (smWqr cqurBuj)
• pRosYisMg (Awieq)
• fwiemMf (roNbs)
• PloA-lweInW (AYro)
• knYktrs (c~kr)

4) pRogrwimMg pRosYs ivc vrqy jwx vwly stYpW dy nW ilKo[

au`qr : pRogrwimMg pRosYs ivc vrqy jwx vwly stYpW dy nW ies pRkwr hn:
1. h~l kIqI jwx vwlI sm~isAw ƒ pirBwiSq krnw
2. sm~isAw dy h~l leI Xojnw iqAwr krnw
3. hweI lyvl BwSw ivc h~l leI koifMg krnw
4. pRogrwm ƒ kMpweIl krnw
5. pRogrwm ƒ tYst Aqy ifb~g krnw
6. pRogrwm dw dsqwvyjIkrn krnw

ਵੱਡੇ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ

1) loA-lyvl pRogrwimMg BwSwvW kI huMdIAW hn? iehnW dy lwB Aqy kmIAW dw vrnx kro[

au`qr : mSIn Aqy AsYNblI BwSwvW ƒ loA-lyvl BwSwvW ikhw jWdw hY[ iehnW bwry jwxkwrI hyT ilKy Anuswr hY:
mSIn BwSw: mSIn BwSw ƒ bweInrI BwSw vI ikhw jWdw hY[ ieh kMipaUtr isstmW dI mu~FlI (fundamental) BwSw huMdI hY ikauik ies BwSw ƒ kMipaUtr isstm is~Dy qOr qy smJdw hY[ ies BwSw ƒ smJx leI kMipaUtr ƒ iksy qrHW dI tRWslySn dI jrUrq nhIN pYNdI[ ieh BwSw isrP do bweInrI AMkW 0 Aqy 1 qoN iml ky bxI hY[
AsYNblI BwSw: ies BwSw ƒ icMnHwqmk BwSw (Symbolic Language) vI ikhw jWdw hY ikauik ies BwSw ivc bweInrI kof dI bjwey hdwieqW dy icMnHWqmk nWvW dI vrqoN kIqI jWdI hY[ AsYNblI BwSw dIAW hdwieqW dy icMnHWqmk nWvW ƒ AwswnI nwl Xwd r~iKAw jw skdw hY[
loA lyvl BwSwvW dy lwB:

ieh BwSwvW kMipaUtr hwrfvyAr nwl is~Dw sMprk (Communicate/Interact) kr skdIAW hn[
iehnW BwSwvW aupr kMipaUtr v~loN qyjI nwl kMm kIqw jWdw hY[

mSIn BwSw dIAW hwnIAW:

loA lyvl BwSwvW ivc pRogrwimMg leI pRogrwmr ƒ hwrfvyAr dI AMdrUnI bxqr dI jwxkwrI hoxw jrUrI huMdw hY[
loA lyvl BwSwvW ivc bxwey gey pRogrwm mSIn ifpYNfYNt (Machine Dependent) huMdy hn[

2) BwSw tRWslytr kI huMdy hn? iksy ie~k tRWslytr dI ivAwiKAw kro[

au`qr : BwSw tRWslytrW ƒ BwSw pRosYsr (Language Processor) vI ikhw jWdw hY[ ieh isstm-pRogrwm huMdy hn[ BwSw tRWslytrW ƒ iqAwr krn dw mksd do mu~K kMmW ƒ krvwauxw hY: pihlw, sors pRogrwmW ƒ AwbjYkt kof (Object Code) iv~c tRWslyt krnw Aqy dusrw, sors pRogrwm ivc isMtYks-glqIAW (Syntax Errors) dw pqw lgwauxw[ hryk BwSw dw Awpxw tRWslytr pRogrwm huMdw hY jo isrP aus Kws BwSw iv~c ilKy pRogrwm ƒ hI tRWslyt kr skdw hY[ AsYNblr, kMpweIlr Aqy ieMtrpRYtr BwSw tRWslytrW dIAW audwhrxW hn[

AsYNblr: ieh ie~k Aijhw BwSw tRWslytr hY jo AsYNblI BwSw ivc ilKy pRogrwm ƒ mSIn BwSw ivc qbdIl krdw hY[ AsYNblI BwSw ivc ilKy gey pRogrwm ƒ sors pRogrwm ikhw jWdw hY[ ies sors pRogrwm ƒ kMipaUtr is~Dy qOr qy nhIN smJ skdw[ ies leI iesƒ mSIn dy smJx Xog Pwrmyt ivc tRWslyt krnw jrUrI hY[ ieh AsYNblr hI hY jo AsYNblI BwSw dy sors pRogrwm ƒ mSIn dy smJxXog pRogrwm ivc qbdIl krdw hY[ tRWslySn qoN bwAd bxy kof ƒ EbjYkt pRogrwm ikhw jWdw hY ijsdI vrqoN krdy hoey pRosYsr pRogrwm ƒ clwauxXog bxdw hY[

3) AYlgoirQm kI huMdw hY? auhnW v~K-v~K ivSySqwvW dw vrnx kro jo ie~k AYlgoirQm iv~c hoxIAW cwhINdIAW hn[

au`qr : AYlgoirQm bnwauxw kMipaUtr pRogrwimMg dI muF~lI jrUrq hY[ ieh id~qI geI sm~isAw ƒ ikvyN h~l krnw hY, iesdw kdm-dr-kdm ie~k vyrvw huMdw hY[ ie~k AYlgoirQm iv~c sIimq kdm huMdy hn Aqy iesdw (shI jW glq) nqIzw (result) hr hwlq ivc inkldw hY[ ie~k pRogrwm bnwaux qoN pihlW, ie~k pRogrwmr pihlW AYlgoirQm sY~t krdw hY[ ie~k AYlgoirQm iv~c hyT ilKIAW ivSySqwvW hoxIAW cwhIdIAW hn:

hr kdm shI hoxw cwhIdw hY[
hr kdm spSt hoxw cwhIdw hY, ArQwq ies dw dohrw ArQ nhIN hoxw cwhIdw[
ienpu~t Aqy Awautpu~t ƒ swvDwnI nwl inrDwrq krnw cwhIdw hY[
kdmW ƒ AinSicq smyN leI nhIN duhrwieAw jwxw cwhIdw[
kdmW ƒ lwgU krn qoN bwAd, loVINdw Awautpu~t hr hwl ivc pRwpq hoxw cwhINdw hY[

4) kMipaUtr pRogrwmW ivc v~K-v~K iksmW dIAW glqIAW dw vrnx kro[

au`qr : Awm qOr qy pRogrwmW ivc hyT ilKIAW do iksmW dIAW glqIAW imldIAW hn:

isMtYks glqIAW (Syntax Errors): ieh glqIAW pRogrwm bnwauNdy smyN audoN huMdIAW hn jdoN AsIN pRogRwimMg BwSw dy inXmW jW isMtYks dI pwlxw nhIN krdy[ kMpweIlrW duAwrw kMpwielySn pRikirAw dOrwn ies iksm dIAW glqIAW Awpxy Awp l~BIAW jWdIAW hn[ ie~k pRogrwm ƒ sPlqw pUrvk aus smyN q~k kMpweIl nhIN kIqw jw skdw jdoN q~k pRogrwm iv~clIAW swrIAW isMtYks glqIAW ƒ TIk nhIN kr id~qw jWdw[ sI BwSw ivc isMtYks glqIAW dIAW ku~J audwhrx hn: sYmIkwln nw lgwauxw, vyrIeybl ifklyrySn krnw Bu~l jwxw Awid[
lwjIkl glqIAW (Loigcal Errors): ieh glqIAW audoN huMdIAW hn jdoN pRogrwm dy lwjIk iv~c glqIAW hox[ jykr swfy pRogrwm iv~c lwjIkl-glqIAW hox qW ieh sPlqw pUrvk kMpwiel qW ho jwvygw pr ieh glq nqIjy/Awautpu~t pYdw krygw[ kMpweIlr duAwrw AijhIAW glqIAW l~BIAW nhIN jw skdIAW[ ieh fIb~igMg tUlz (debugging tools) dI mdd nwl AswnI nwl l~BIAw jw skdIAW hn[